BIology
The study of life
ecology
the study of the interaction of living organisms and their enviroment
producers
plants and animals that produce the food with photo or chemo synthesis
succession
When an enviroment is completely wiped out or is develpoping from scratch is called Primary succession
When an enviroment is partialy wiped out leaving behind some living things to recreate the previous enviroment.
When an enviroment is partialy wiped out leaving behind some living things to recreate the previous enviroment.
pioneer species
first species to exist after an environment is destroyed
rescources
the amount of stuff in an environment to support life
renewable- able to get more of in a moderate amount of time
unrenewable- Unable to get more of in moderate amount of time
renewable- able to get more of in a moderate amount of time
unrenewable- Unable to get more of in moderate amount of time
carrying compascity
total amount of life an environment can support
NIche
role a species plays in an ecosystem
ecological pyramid
a way to organize information about an environment like biomass, energy and population.
BIotic factors
A living factor in and enviroment includeing all living and dead
Abiotic factors
All none living things in an enviroment whcih none of was priarly alive.
Food web
A way to organize an ecosystem with a graphic. It is constructed in a way to show the conections between preditor and prey useing arrows or a similar symbol. The chart is arranged in a set of 3 primary parts: producers (Plants and Bacterias); consumers creatures that eat other consumers and producers; and detritavors that consume all things when they are decaying.
CLimate
The weather conditions in an area prevailing for a long period of time
Weather
atmosphereic conditions in a short period of time.
PRotein
any of a class of nitrogenous organic compounds that consist of large molecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acids and are an essential part of all living organisms, especially as structural components of body tissues such as muscle, hair, collagen, etc., and as enzymes and antibodies. In my project my protein was eleastin which was a binding protein between skin cells that aloud for skin to flexible.
central dogma
the complex process that hepens inside a cell to transfer the information of the dna into a desired protein. It begins in the nucleus with DNA where it is then finds a desired area which contaisn the information to make a desired protein. It is then copied in a process called base pairing in this time they match different nucleic with another nucleic acid to get a mirrored version of the DNA as mRNA. This mRNA is then taken out of the nucleus and is attached to a tRNA, this is then surrounded by a Ribosome where it then will match amino acids to codons to make an amino acid chain. This is then moved to the rough endoplasmic reticulum to be folded into a protein
DNA
A two long string of nucleic acids stored within the nucleus. It contains the blueprints to make you body, with specific parts of the DNA used to code for specific proteins like elastin.
RNA
a single long string of nucleic acids with 3 major versions the type in bacteria, mRNA and tRNA.
The bacterial RNA is used in the same manner as DNA in other cells.
mRNA is short for messenger Ribonuclaic acid and is the RNA first produced dureing protein synthesis and is used to transfer the information needed for proteinsynthesis out side of the nucleus.
tRNA or transfer RNA attatch to mRNA after it leaves the nucleus and is used along with a ribosome to read the mRNA and make the protein
The bacterial RNA is used in the same manner as DNA in other cells.
mRNA is short for messenger Ribonuclaic acid and is the RNA first produced dureing protein synthesis and is used to transfer the information needed for proteinsynthesis out side of the nucleus.
tRNA or transfer RNA attatch to mRNA after it leaves the nucleus and is used along with a ribosome to read the mRNA and make the protein
Ribosome
An organelle in a cell used to produce protein.
HomeoStasis
The process you body takes to maintain a stable enviroment. It does this my detecting a change in side your body like an above average blood sugar level and then sends a signal to respond to it. In this case the response would be to release insulin which reduces the amount of sugar being processed inside the liver reduceing the amount of it entering the blood stream. This type of process is called a negative feedback loop as it removes its cause. In a possitive feedback loop the response to the change cause the change.
Organ systems
A system of organs who work together to proform either the same or similar goals. Organ systems are than even farther conected to other organ systems in order to maintain homeostasis. The organ systems in my project were the reproductive system and endocrine system.
Reproductive system
This is one of the few organ systems with different purposes depending on gender. In a male the reproductive systems primary purpose is to create and deposite sperm into a female. The females reproductive system is desighned to release a egg every couple of weeks in a process called menstration. The purpose is to carry eggs and maintain the fetus after conceiveing a child. In my groups project we focused on the female reprocuctive system dureing the birthing process as it is one of the few parts of the reproductive system not driven purely by hormones. The primary organs inside the reproductive system are ovaries, fallopian tubes, testis, penis, vagina and uterus
endocrine system
The Endocrine system is the of the core organ systems in side the human body and is in charge of the detection and release of hormones. The release of hormones is important for a number of reasons the first is that it helps in the maintenance of your body. For example if your blood sugar is to high the endocrine system will release insulin to slow the release of glucose. Another use of the endocrine system is to cause your bodies development to adult hood. Some important organs in the endocrine system are the Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, testis and ovaries
genotype
genetic make up of an organism
phenotype
physical make up of an organism
dominant
a condition in which you need only one copy of the gene to be expressed
codominant
a situation to which a both alleles contribute to the phenol type
incomplete dominant
a situation where one allele is not completely dominant
recessive
a none dominant gene that needs to genes to be expressed
alleles
DNA of a number of different forms of genes
gene
a sequence of DNA that Codes and determines a trait
segregation
separation of alleles during gamete formation
probability
likelihood that a particular event will occur
homozygous
term used to refer to an organism that hosts no identical alleles for a particular trait
heterozygous
term used to refer to an organism that has two different alleles for the same traite
polygenic
a trait controlled by two or more genes
ink chromatography
In out project we used this to figure out whose pen was used to write a note found at the crime scene. To find this we first took a sample from the original writing then performed chromatography to it by putting it into a small amount of alcohol which did not reach up to the original ink sample. Then we would wait as the alcohol was absorbed by the paper pulling some the ink up wards revealing a colour pattern. Then you would perform the same process using pens and markers owned by the suspects to find a match to the originals colour pattern.
karyotyping
In our project we used karyotyping to identify whose DNA was at the crime scene as well to identify chromosomal disorders. to do this we took a picture of the cells while they performed mitosis. Then compared chromosomes in cell with each other looking for similar non-coding striped patterns and similar shapes and sizes to find matching sets. In an average human there is 46 chromosomes with a total of 23 pairs, however in some people their are differences which cause chromosomal disorders like huntington's disease.
DNA finger printing
Another way to look for differences in DNA it was used in our project to help figure out who the murder was. It is performed by extracting DNA from the suspects and crime scene. Then we performed a polymerase chain reaction to create more of the DNA. After we used restriction enzymes to isolate specific parts of the DNA. Then we dyed these pieces of DNA with infrared dye and performed DNA electrophoresis. After this we exposed the DNA to infrared light to see the glow pattern indicating where how far certain pieces of DNA traveled the farther the piece traveled indicated that it was smaller. With this we compared all the DNA samples at the crime scene with the suspects DNA to find a match. It is also uses to test paternity.
blood samples
We used this test to narrow down the list of suspects. There are a total of 4 blood types and 2 of each of the blood types. The main types are O, A, B, and AB these all have a normal and negative variant. To test for this we used samples of blood from the crime scene and samples from each of suspects. We then dropped a dilution of each of these blood samples into contains with either an A or B antigen. If the blood type was A it will clump with the A antibodies, but if the blood is B it will clump with B antibodies, if it clumps with neither it will be O.
pedigree
Pedigrees were used in our project to figure out relations and motives for the suspects and victims. It is a type of chart used for finding genetic diseases of a family. In it a circle represents a girl, a square represents a guy. If a circle or square are shaded in it means they have the disease and if it is crossed out it means they have died. Across the side are sets of roman numerals that show which generation of the chart is on. A child is shown by a square and circle be connected that then leads to another square or circle bellow the generation of the parents. These rules and a large amounts of other rules are used to create a pedigree that can span many families.
Evolution terms
Speciation: the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution. This is shown through our explanation of how the environment around our species changed how they evolved during our story.
Family: is a group of people affiliated either by consanguinity, affinity, or co-residence. This what all of our sixth names for all our animals were.
Genus: a principal taxonomic category that ranks above species and below family, and is denoted by a capitalized Latin name. This what all of our seventh names for all our animals were.
Species: largest group of organisms in which two individuals can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. This what all of our eighth names for all our animals were.
Cladogram: a branching diagram showing the cladistic relationship between a number of species.
Classification: the action or process of classifying something according to shared qualities or characteristics.
Evolution: the process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have developed and diversified from earlier forms during the history of the earth.
Adaptation: a change or the process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment.
Natural Selection: survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype.
Competition: the activity or condition of competing to survive in an environment .
Family: is a group of people affiliated either by consanguinity, affinity, or co-residence. This what all of our sixth names for all our animals were.
Genus: a principal taxonomic category that ranks above species and below family, and is denoted by a capitalized Latin name. This what all of our seventh names for all our animals were.
Species: largest group of organisms in which two individuals can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. This what all of our eighth names for all our animals were.
Cladogram: a branching diagram showing the cladistic relationship between a number of species.
Classification: the action or process of classifying something according to shared qualities or characteristics.
Evolution: the process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have developed and diversified from earlier forms during the history of the earth.
Adaptation: a change or the process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment.
Natural Selection: survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype.
Competition: the activity or condition of competing to survive in an environment .